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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 3 | Page : 27-30 |
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Effect of blood contamination on the push-out bond strength of four endodontic root perforation repair materials: An in vitro study
Angel Bhagya1, Krishnaprasad Shetty2, Sarvepalli Venkata Satish1, Ashwini M Patil1, Basvana Gowda1, Khondakar Mohsin Reza3
1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Al Jerf, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
3 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Aditya Dental College, Beed, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Web Publication | 17-Jan-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Angel Bhagya
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Navodaya Dental College, Navodaya Nagar, Mantaralayam Road, Raichur 584103, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/INJO.INJO_16_18
Aim: To evaluate the push-out bond strength of four endodontic root perforation repair materials on blood contamination. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 80 single-rooted human canine teeth were used. The crowns of all teeth were removed, and the mid-root dentin was sectioned horizontally into slices with a thickness of 1.0mm by using a diamond disk. In 40 samples, a 27-gauge syringe was used to inject blood into the perforated area, which was taken from the patient. Biodentine (Septodont, Pennsylvania, USA) liquid from a single dose container was emptied into a powder-containing capsule and mixed 30 seconds, was mixed in 10 samples; glass ionomer cement (GIC) (GC Fuji IX; GC, Tokyo, Japan) was mixed in 10 samples; ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (DENTSPLY, Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, Oklahoma), hand mixed with sterile water at a powder to liquid ratio of 3:1 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, was mixed in 10 samples; and Cavit (ESPE Dental Products, Ohio, USA) was mixed in 10 samples and placed in perforation area. In the remaining 40 samples, normal saline irrigation was performed before restoring 10 samples with Biodentine, 10 samples with GIC, 10 samples with ProRoot MTA, and 10 samples with Cavit. The samples were carried in wet gauze piece and placed in a closed container in an incubator at 370°C and 100% humidity until push-out bond strength was carried out. Results: The result was statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests. P <0.05 was considered as significant. Conclusion: Push-out bond strength of Biodentine was higher than that of ProRoot MTA, GIC, and Cavit on blood contamination. Keywords: Biodentine, mineral trioxide aggregate, root perforation
How to cite this article:
Bhagya A, Shetty K, Satish SV, Patil AM, Gowda B, Reza KM. Effect of blood contamination on the push-out bond strength of four endodontic root perforation repair materials: An in vitro study. Int J Oral Care Res 2018;6:27-30 |
How to cite this URL:
Bhagya A, Shetty K, Satish SV, Patil AM, Gowda B, Reza KM. Effect of blood contamination on the push-out bond strength of four endodontic root perforation repair materials: An in vitro study. Int J Oral Care Res [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Mar 25];6:27-30. Available from: https://www.ijocr.org/text.asp?2018/6/3/27/250272 |
| Introduction | |  |
Root perforation is an artificial communication between root canal system and the supporting tissues of teeth or the oral cavity.[1] Various causes of root perforations include iatrogenic causes, root resorption, and caries.[2],[3],[4] In endodontic practices, perforation may occur as a result of misaligned use of rotary burs during endodontic access preparation and search for root canal orifices.
Bacterial infection enters either from the root canal or the periodontal tissues or from both. It prevents healing and brings about inflammatory sequelae, where exposure of the supporting tissues is inflicted.[5] Thus, painful conditions and suppurations resulting in tender teeth, abscesses, and fistulae including bone resorptive processes may follow. Downgrowth of gingival epithelium to the perforation site can emerge, especially when accidental perforations occur in the crestal area by lateral perforations or perforations in furcation of multirooted teeth.[6]
Root canal perforation is one of the most common causes of endodontic failure. Many studies have been focused to successfully treat perforations.[7] If perforation is closed immediately, prognosis will be better. During its treatment, blood comes into contact with and often becomes incorporated into the materials and this contamination might have a detrimental effect on their physical properties. So an ideal root repair and root-end filling material should not be affected by the contamination of physiological solutions such as blood or saliva.[8] Materials used for the repair of perforations should be dimensionally stable, easy to use, radiopaque, should be well tolerated by periradicular tissues, and should not be affected by the presence of moisture and blood. They should also provide a proper seal and have good adaptation with the surrounding walls of the perforation area.[7],[9]
Numerous perforation repair materials have been used such as indium foil, gutta-percha, amalgam, composites (supracrestal perforations), zinc oxide cements and glass ionomers, polyvinyl resin, resin-ionomer suspensions such as Geristore and Compomers, Dyract (subgingival perforations), calcium hydroxide, IRM, demineralized freeze-dried bone, Vitremer, Hemarcol together with Super-EBA, tricalcium phosphate, CEM, and Cavit with mixed results because of their physiological compatibility and ability to seal. Newer biomaterials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine (Septodont, USA) are also under contention.[7],[10]
ProRoot MTA (DENTSPLY, Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) is one of the most commonly used brands, and it is used to form apical barriers in immature apices, root-end fillings, direct pulp cappings, pulpotomies, and in root perforation repairs.[11]
Biodentine is a dentine substitute, which was introduced in 2010 in an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of MTA. Biodentine has an initial setting time of 12min and is produced in a capsulated form. Both Biodentine and MTA are calcium silicate–based materials.[12] In addition to the chemical composition based on the Ca3SiO5 and water chemistry, which brings high biocompatibility of already known endodontic repair cements such as MTA, with increased physicochemical properties such as short-setting time, high mechanical strength makes it clinically easy to handle and compatible not only with conventional endodontic procedures but also for restorative clinical cases of dentine replacement.[13]
This study therefore evaluated the effect of blood contamination on the push-out bond strength of four endodontic root repair materials such as MTA, Biodentine, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and Cavit.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Preparation of samples
Fresh blood sample was collected at the Outpatient Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. By venipuncture, the whole blood was collected from a female donor. The donor participated voluntarily and provided oral consent, and freshly extracted 80 single-rooted caries-free human canines were selected for the study. Teeth with cracks and with any resorptive defects were excluded from the study.
Freshly extracted 80 single-rooted human canine teeth were used. The crowns of all teeth were removed, and the mid-root dentin was sectioned horizontally into slices with a thickness of 1.0mm by using a diamond disk. In 40 samples, a 27-gauge syringe was used to inject blood into the perforated area, which was taken from the patient. Biodentine liquid, from a single-dose container emptied into a powder-containing capsule and mixed for 30s, was mixed in 10 samples, GIC (GC Fuji IX; GC, Tokyo, Japan) was mixed in 10 samples, ProRoot MTA, hand mixed with sterile water at a powder to liquid ratio of 3:1 in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, was mixed in 10 samples, and Cavit (ESPE Dental Products, US) was mixed in 10 samples and placed in the perforation area.
In the remaining 40 samples, normal saline irrigation was performed before restoring 10 samples with Biodentine, 10 samples with GIC, 10 samples with ProRoot MTA, and 10 samples with Cavit.
Push-out bond strength
Push-out bond strength values were measured by using a universal testing machine (Instron universal test machine; Elista, Istanbul, Turkey). The samples were placed on a metal glass slab with a central hole to allow the free motion of the plunger. The compressive load was applied by exerting a download pressure on the surface of the test materials in each sample with Instron probe moving at a constant speed of 1mm/min. Push-out bond strength testing was carried out at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Stereomicroscope analysis
The nature of bond failure was assessed under a stereomicroscope (SZTP; Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan) at 10× magnification. Each sample was categorized into one of the three failure modes; adhesive failure at test material and dentin interface; cohesive failure within test material, or mixed failure.
| Results | | |
In this study, data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests. P < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Push-out test
[Graph 1] shows the mean values and standard deviations of the push-out bond strength (MPa) and the distribution of failures of all groups. The lowest push-out bond strength was observed in the MTA group (P < 0.05). Biodentine displayed a significantly higher resistance to displacement than the MTA group, whereas the mean push-out bond strength value was lower than that observed in the GIC and Cavit groups (P < 0.05).
The mean values of push-out bond strength (MPa) for the subgroups of each test material are shown in [Graph 2]. Exposure to blood and saline solutions did not affect the resistance to displacement of the Biodentine, Cavit, and GIC groups (P > 0.05). However, the mean values of the push-out bond strength of the saline-treated MTA group were greater than the MTA control group (P < 0.05).
| Discussion | | |
A perforation, irrespective of location or etiology, hampers the prognosis of endodontic therapy. This mechanical/pathological communication between root canal system and external tooth surface should be sealed with a biocompatible material immediately. The perforation repair material could be subjected to tooth function as well as mechanical forces of condensation of restorative materials over the perforation repair site.[15]
MTA has been investigated in a series of tests and has shown many of the ideal properties. The histological response to furcation perforation repair with MTA in dogs showed cementum repair over the material and very little inflammation.[14] When used as a root-end filling material in monkeys, the results showed no periradicular inflammation, a new bone formation, and a complete layer of cementum grown directly against the MTA. MTA is recommended as a root-end filling material in humans.
Biodentine has been promoted as a dentin substitute, which can also be used as an endodontic repair material.[15] It can also stimulate cell growth and induce hydroxyapatite formation on the surface of the material when exposed to the simulated body fluid.
Saini et al.,[16] in 2008, compared the microleakage of three root-end filling materials: MTA, GIC, and silver GIC (miracle mix) using dye penetration technique under stereomicroscope. They found that MTA is a better material as root-end filling material to prevent microleakage, in comparison to GIC and Miracle Mix.[17]
The results of this study showed lower push-out bond strength of MTA when compared to Biodentine. This finding was similar to those obtained in previous studies.[15] Furthermore, Biodentine push-out bond strength results were very similar to those of MTA. A previous study by Guneser et al. (2013)[17] showed significantly higher retention in Biodentine than that in MTA. The specimens in their study were immersed in various endodontic irrigants for 30min before the placement in incubator. Comparing the push-out bond strength of Biodentine and GIC, GIC was found to be less resistant to dislodgement forces than Biodentine; no previous study compared the push-out bond strength between these two materials.
In this study, the bond failure of all four materials was investigated. MTA showed a majority of mixed type of failure. The finding regarding White MTA is in agreement with Rahimi et al.[8], but disagrees with this study that reported failure at the MTA–dentine interface. The differences might be attributed to the factors included in their study designs, different acidic or alkaline pH levels. The bond failure observed in Biodentine group was predominantly within the material itself (cohesive), which is in accordance with Guneser et al.[17] This mode of failure may have occurred as a result of smaller sized particles that might modify the interlocking of Biodentine within the dentinal tubules.
The results of this study demonstrated that Biodentine shows highly significant push-out bond strength to dentine compared to MTA, which was higher than that of GIC and Cavit.
| Conclusion | | |
Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that push-out bond strength of Biodentine was higher than that of MTA, GIC, and Cavit on blood contamination.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
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[Graph 1], [Graph 2]
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