Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the surface roughness of Cention N and Filtek Z350 XT resin composite. Null Hypothesis: There is no difference observed in surface roughness between the Cention N and Filtek Z350 XT resin composite. Introduction: The use of resin composites in restorative dentistry has markedly increased in recent years due to increased demand for esthetics. The advent of novel fluoride-releasing resin composite Cention N has brought enormous benefits. Finishing and polishing of composite resin restorations are essential steps in restorative dentistry. However, there are no studies available in literatures regarding the effective use of Soflex finishing and polishing with Cention N. Hence, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the surface roughness of novel resin composite Cention N and compare with Filtek Z350 XT resin composite. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four specimens were prepared in Teflon plastic mold of 8-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness, and were divided into group 1 (Filtek Z350 XT [n = 32]) and group 2 (Cention N [n = 32]). They were further subdivided into group 1A (Matrix finish [n = 16]) and 1B (Soflex [n = 16]), and group 2A (Matrix finish [n = 16]) and 2B (Soflex [n = 16]). Surface roughness was measured using surface profilometer. Results: When comparing the mean values and standard deviations of surface roughness of four groups using one-way ANOVA, it was found that there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in mean surface roughness between the four groups. Conclusion: All the groups presented the values that are below or approximating baseline value for bacterial or plaque retention.

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Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a controversial term because of its terminology and its diagnosis. The COF is odontogenic in origin, although it is a central neoplasm of the bone and involves the periodontium. Most COFs exhibit slow and expansile growth in the jaws and are benign in origin. The lesion is encapsulated with mixed radiodensities. The COF is characterized by the replacement of normal bone by fibrous tissue and varying amounts of osteoid and cementum-like material. The definitive diagnosis of such lesions requires clinical, radiological, and histopathological observations. The treatment of choice is surgical resection, and recurrence is uncommon. We report a case of COF in the left mandibular premolar region and discuss how to confirm the diagnosis.

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Current bleaching methods mainly use hydrogen peroxide as the active agents. Tooth whitening is achieved either by in-office bleaching technique or self-applied or home bleach method. This review focused mainly on the adverse outcomes of tooth bleaching such as cervical root resorption, crown fracture, tooth sensitivity, mucosal reaction, and enamel surface alterations produced during the treatment and the management of vital and non-vital teeth-bleaching procedures. Cervical root resorption is one of the unwanted effects observed with the internal bleaching, especially seen with thermo-catalytic procedures. There is a possibility of crown fracture after intracoronal bleaching most likely due to the extensive removal of the intracoronal dentin. One of the common side effects of external tooth bleaching is the tooth sensitivity that ranged between 15% and 65%. Another important adverse effect of high concentration of hydrogen peroxide bleaching is the mucosal irritation ranged between 30% and 35%. Morphologic changes of enamel were also observed with the use of higher concentration of bleaching agents. In view of this review, it is highly desirable to take all the necessary precautions and considerations while performing tooth-bleaching treatment.

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Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of four interocclusal recording materials and its effect on the relationship of the casts. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 25 partially edentulous patients with upper complete natural dentition and lower bilateral free end edentulous areas. Ten pairs of reference points were drawn on the lateral surfaces of the base of each cast pair when the casts were manually articulated in maximum intercuspation position. The vertical distances between each pair of reference points were measured by a scanner and computerized software. Four interocclusal records were made for each patient by four interocclusal recording materials: zinc oxide eugenol paste, polyvinyl siloxane, Aluwax, and Baseplate wax. The casts were fixed on each record, and the vertical separation, anteroposterior, and lateral displacement were measured and calculated. Results: Polyvinyl siloxane was significantly more likely to lead to successful articulation than other interocclusal recording materials. Aluwax caused the highest vertical separation whereas Baseplate wax caused the greatest lateral displacement between the casts. Conclusion: Polyvinyl siloxane interocclusal recording material was the most accurate whereas Waxes were the least reliable materials.

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Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of four interocclusal recording materials and its effect on the relationship of the casts. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 25 partially edentulous patients with upper complete natural dentition and lower bilateral free end edentulous areas. Ten pairs of reference points were drawn on the lateral surfaces of the base of each cast pair when the casts were manually articulated in maximum intercuspation position. The vertical distances between each pair of reference points were measured by a scanner and computerized software. Four interocclusal records were made for each patient by four interocclusal recording materials: zinc oxide eugenol paste, polyvinyl siloxane, Aluwax, and Baseplate wax. The casts were fixed on each record, and the vertical separation, anteroposterior, and lateral displacement were measured and calculated. Results: Polyvinyl siloxane was significantly more likely to lead to successful articulation than other interocclusal recording materials. Aluwax caused the highest vertical separation whereas Baseplate wax caused the greatest lateral displacement between the casts. Conclusion: Polyvinyl siloxane interocclusal recording material was the most accurate whereas Waxes were the least reliable materials.

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Odontomas are benign tumors containing various component tissues of the teeth. They usually remain asymptomatic and are diagnosed on routine radiographs. Clinically, they are often associated with delayed eruption or impaction of permanent teeth and retained primary teeth. A case of erupted compound odontoma in association with an impacted maxillary permanent right canine in a 32-year-old female patient was reported. Erupted odontoma is a rare entity to occur, making it an interesting case for reporting.

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Restoration of smile is one of the most gratifying services, which can be rendered to a patient by a dentist. Veneer is a thin layer of tooth-colored material, which is applied to tooth surface to correct the enamel defects, intrinsic discoloration, and malaligned or malformed teeth. Porcelain laminate veneer is a conservative, minimally invasive alternative to full-coverage restoration that has evolved over the last several decades. This article presents conservative aesthetic procedure in the management of teeth affected with fluorosis using porcelain laminate veneers.

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Oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) are chronic inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity, and they can hardly be distinguished from oral lichen planus (OLP). Various terms have been used in the literature, including lichenoid contact lesions, lichenoid contact stomatitis, and oral lichenoid reactions. The concept of contact allergy to dental restorative materials in OLLs has been widely recognized but somewhat controversial. The most common causative allergen is mercury in dental amalgam, with a few reported cases from other materials. These lesions are most often seen in direct topographic relation to the causative agent. The possible correlation between the presence of desquamative gingivitis (DG) associated with autoimmune diseases and the worsening of periodontal parameters has been discussed in the literature, since both conditions can share immuno-inflammatory mechanisms in their pathogenesis. The DG may indirectly worsen the accumulation of plaque in the affected sites, since pain and bleeding may inhibit the patient’s oral hygiene. The aim of this report is to present a clinical case of OLLs associated with amalgam restoration and its association with DG for a three-month follow-up period.

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Most of the vascular tumors in the maxillofacial region are hemangiomas. Hemangiomas are basically benign lesions of a vascular origin. This article describes a series of five cases on hemangioma recorded on the lip, buccal mucosa, and zygoma. Here, we present four variants of hemangioma, namely cavernous hemangioma, capillary hemangioma, lobular capillary hemangioma, and intraosseous hemangioma, which were reported to our Maxillofacial Unit.

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Purpose: To study the perception of online classes among the students of Government Dental College, Alappuzha, a rural tertiary care center and dental education institute in the state of Kerala, India, during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Questionnaire comprised of four domains: the first domain included socio-demographic details, the second domain was used to explore the details of online classes that happened during the pandemic, third domain was on the students’ perception of online classes and the fourth domain was on students’ likes and dislikes, suggestions and practices. Results: Media quality in various platforms and interaction potential with teachers were assessed. Even though understanding of the academic content was found good, perception of clinical/pre-clinical learning was poor. Preferred duration of each session was 45 min to 1 h. Majority of students preferred regular classes and few suggested a blended mode beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Sharing of reading materials in the form of multimedia slides or any other detailed reading format or recordings and a provision to store them for further reference too was preferred. Conclusions: Acceptable levels of e-learning experience were revealed by the study participants. In the Indian context, as a developing country, good network and internet coverage has to be ensured for students for the successful implementation of online education. E-learning can be adopted as an adjunct to traditional classroom learning after the prevailing pandemic.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate freeway space with and without head-stabilizing device. Materials and Methods: A head posture-fixing device was used to fix the head posture in a natural head position. The goniometer (ISICO, 17 Transparent, 360°, Galaxy informatics India, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-India) axis was used in various studies to standardize head posture changes. The digital calipers with measuring range of 0–150 mm/0”–6” and resolution of 0.01 mm/0.0005” was used. Chin–tip of the nose (Niswonger’s method) was taken as the reference point. Results: Freeway space without head-stabilizing device for dentulous and edentulous subjects was 4.8 mm and with stabilizing device was 2.2 mm, which was near to the precise value, and was found to be significant with head-stabilizing device. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between all tested groups. These results clarified that freeway space with head-stabilizing device obtained excellent reproducibility compared to the conventional methods.

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Introduction: The Aloe vera has pharmacological actions which include antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immune- boosting properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anti inflammatory property of aloe vera mouthwash on gingivitis. Materials and methods: This study used 50 patients who came to a private clinic in Kerala, India, divided into 25 subjects in the test group and 25 subjects in the control group. Results: The difference is seen in the mean value of index in the subjects of scaling with the Aloe vera mouthwash of 0.97210.19543, higher than the mean on subjects without Aloe vera mouthwash of 0.76320.18754 (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of Aloe vera mouthwash can decrease gingival inflammation, which can be seen from the gingival index score on all test subjects.

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Background: The aim of the study is to determine the level of satisfaction after periodontal therapy (non-surgical and surgical). Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were given to patients after treatment and the responses were scored. Results: Results have implications for dental school administrators and educators in their efforts to provide high-quality patient care and to retain an adequate patient pool. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction is one of the desirable outcomes of dental care. The majority of studies carried out since the early 1980s concentrate on patient perceptions of various service quality attributes and the role that socio-demographic variables play in determining satisfaction.

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Introduction: The ultimate goal of obturation is to prevent the reinfection of root canals. The bioceramic hydrophilic obturation materials could prove to be advantageous in clinical situations where periapical lesions are present and could help in the effective resolution of the periapical lesions due to their better mechanical and biological properties. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a novel polyamide polymer bioceramic obturating system in cases with a periapical lesion as compared with traditional obturating techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 cases that fulfilled the criteria of the study were randomly divided into groups and obturation was done using either gutta percha and AH Plus sealer or the newer bioceramic and the healing of the lesions was monitored at 3,6 and 12 months. Descriptive statistics was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for each group. The change in mean area of the periapical lesion for 12 months in each group was analyzed using the repeated-measures ANOVA test. Intergroup comparison was done using the Student’s t test. In the above tests, a value of P ≤ 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 17.0. Results: Both the groups showed satisfactory results, but the rate of healing of bioceramic group was significantly better. Conclusion: Both the groups tested for their efficiency in healing of periapical lesion were successful in resolution of the periapical lesion over a time period of 12 months. Smart seal group showed better healing of the lesion as compared to gutta percha and AH plus group at both 6 months and 12 months following root canal treatment.

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Introduction: Porcelain fused to metal is the most common restoration. The success of the prosthesis greatly depends on the mechanical bonding between the metal alloy and the ceramic. Newer techniques such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and computer-aided design are fast replacing the lost-wax technique due to ease of fabrication. This study was carried out to ascertain the best possible technique to ensure success. Materials and Methods: Forty strips of cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) metal were fabricated and divided into two groups (lost-wax technique vs. SLS technology), which were then bonded with ceramic and compared for bond strength and fracture toughness. Results: SLS group showed higher bond strength than conventional lost-wax technique (CAST) group but lowered fracture toughness. This difference was also found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The lost-wax technique is a time-tested method that needs not be abandoned until successful evolution of emerging technologies is firmly established.

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Background: Calcified canals present a challenge during endodontic treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy and efficiency of a dynamic navigation system (DNS) to the freehand (FH) method for locating calcified canals in human teeth. Materials and Methods: Sixty human single-rooted teeth with canal obliteration were selected and mounted on dry cadaver jaws. Based on cone-beam computed tomographic scans of the jaws, the drilling path and depth were virtually planned to use X-Guide software. The time for locating the canal, the number of mishaps, and the unsuccessful attempts were determined and analyzed. Results: The mean linear and angular deviations, reduced dentin thickness (at both levels), the time for access cavity preparation, and the number of mishaps in the DNS group were significantly less than those in the FH group (P ≤ 0.05). The time for access preparation was significantly shorter for the board-certified endodontist in the FH group (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The DNS was more accurate and more efficient than the FH technique in locating calcified canals in human teeth. This novel DNS can help clinicians avoid catastrophic mishaps during access preparation in calcified teeth.

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In dentistry, there is a continuous need of change in techniques and materials, according to the change in demand from patients’ professional perceptions and with advancement in technology. Both components of glass ionomer cements (GICs) inhibit wide chemical diversity, which provide potential of progress in GICs. Therefore, the main aim of this article was to study the various advancements in GICs with the introduction of nanotechnology in GIC. Various modifications in GICs were carried out. This article is an attempt to overview different advances in glass ionomer such as compomers, condensable/self-hardening GIC, low viscosity/flowable GIC, fiber-reinforced GIC, chlorhexidine-impregnated GIC, proline-containing GIC, nano-bioceramic-modified GIC, and calcium aluminate GIC. Nanotechnology is introduced in conventional GIC and resin-modified GIC to improve the mechanical properties of GIC. It has been concluded that large number of modifications were carried out with GIC, and the introduction of nanotechnology had improved the general properties of GIC. Nano-resin-modified GICs (nano-RMGICs) do not possess any substantial advantage or disadvantage, in terms of surface mechanical properties, compared to conventional restorative materials.

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Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a stringently autologous fibrin matrix containing a large quantity of platelets (thrombocytes) and leukocyte cytokines. PRF is an upcoming newer treatment modality used to augment healing process and has been in clinical use over the last decade within many disciplines, such as peri-implant defects, periodontal defects, exclusively as grafting material, in treatment of alopecia, orthopedic, oral-maxillofacial and cardiac surgery, and plastic and cosmetic surgeries. Choukroun in 2001 (France) and his coassociates were among the inventors for use of PRF in any reconstructive surgery to encourage and enhance the bone healing. PRF is found better than the previously used PRP (platelet-rich plasma) as it is easier to prepare and apply, cheaper, and there is no need to add bovine thrombin or anticoagulant in it. Thus in the current setup, it is proving to be benevolent to the surgical reconstructive dentistry.

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Orthodontic treatment improves facial and smile esthetics along with oral function and psychosocial well being of an individual. Prolonged treatment time is one of the greatest challenges in orthodontics which declines patient’s satisfaction and increases the exposure of the patient to oral health risks such as decalfication of teeth, dental caries, periodontal disease, and root resorption. Most of the orthodontists are interested in noninvasive procedures which will also increase the acceptance of the treatment for both orthodontists and patients. Noninvasive methods that have shown promising results to accelerate the orthodontic tooth movement are vibrational forces, photobiomodulation, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). The current evidence presented in this review have shown successful results which is fascinating, further research is needed to explore the utility of these methods as an adjunct in the speciality of orthodontics to reduce the overall treatment duration, risks associated with prolonged treatment and increase patient’s compliance.

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Stress, depression, and anxiety are commonly associated with the long-term of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine. These effects have implications on mental and oral health. We did a review of the psychological impact of quarantine in general using electronic data base. We tried to focus on psychological effects of quarantine on immune response, parafunctional habits and periodontal diseases. We included in this research, most studies which reported psychological effects of quarantine including: post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, anger, stress, depression, and anxiety. During several weeks of COVID-19 quarantine or social distancing, individuals will have to establish their own ways of preserving their mental health at home. Studies surveying those who had been quarantined reports of emotional disturbance, depression, stress, low mood, irritability, insomnia, post-traumatic stress symptoms, anger and emotional exhaustion. Stress, depression, and anxiety have impacts on immune responses, oral health and periodontal disease. It becomes more important in the quarantine period of the epidemic outbreak to understand the psychological impact of the quarantine on mental and oral health. This article presents valuable knowledge about psychological hygiene during the quarantine, whose behavior is extremely important from the point of view of systemic health, including oral health.

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Guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedure has produced acceptable results while utilizing various barrier membranes. Among the membranes used, expanded PTFE (e-PTFE) was the first material to demonstrate successful outcomes and it became the gold standard for GBR. However, early bacterial infection with membrane exposure affecting bone regeneration was the main drawback of e-PTFE. On the contrary, high density polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PFTE) ensures a good bone regeneration process in spite of membrane exposure in the oral cavity, and it also presents with a lower risk of early infection after surgical procedures. The purpose of this review is to provide an amendment to the existing knowledge about the GBR with special emphasis on the d-PTFE barrier membrane used for GBR. The relevant literature for this review was identified through a PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library database search. Eleven articles that evaluated the use of d-PTFE as a barrier membrane for GBR were identified: two experimental studies and nine clinical studies. Considering the potential benefit they offer, d-PTFE is a favorable candidate for GBR. However, a careful surgical approach and thorough knowledge of the materials and management of complications significantly contribute to the success of GBR while utilizing d-PTFE.

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Dental caries is a complex, multifactorial, and transmittable infectious disease that is caused during the demineralization–remineralization process in the presence of fermentable dietary carbohydrates, saliva, and cariogenic oral flora. The chemical basis of the demineralization–remineralization process is similar for enamel, dentin. In this review, we have enlisted numerous types of remineralizing agents; remineralizing techniques have been researched, and many of them are being used clinically, with significantly predictable positive results.

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